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Unit 3 RNN

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Unit 3 RNN 1. Introduction to Sequential Data and Time Series 1.1 What is Sequential Data? Sequential data refers to data that is ordered in time or position. Unlike traditional datasets where individual samples are independent of each other, in sequential data the order of elements matters because each element depends (partly or fully) on previous ones. • Example in text: “The dog chased the cat.” If we shuffle the words, the meaning changes completely. • Example in finance: Today’s stock price depends on yesterday’s price and trends. • Example in healthcare: Heart rate patterns (ECG) are meaningful only when observed over time. Key property: Past influences the future. 1.2 Types of Sequential Data 1. Time Series Data o Data collected over time at equal or unequal intervals. o Examples: stock prices, daily temperature, electricity consumption. o Usually represented as: x1,x2,x3,…,xTx_1, x_2, x_3, …, x_Tx1,x2,x3,…,xT where TTT = number of time steps. 2. Event Sequences ...
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Unit 2 Data Link Layer - Functions and its Prototocols

  UNIT: Data Link Layer   Fig – 7 layers of OSI Model     1. Introduction to Data Link Layer Definition: The Data Link Layer (DLL) is the second layer in the OSI model. It provides node-to-node delivery of frames and ensures reliable data transfer over the physical link. Functions: Framing - Divides the stream of bits received into data units called frames. Physical addressing (MAC) - If frames are to be distributed to different systems on the same network, data link layer adds a header to the frame to define the sender and receiver. Error detection & correction - Used for detecting and retransmitting damaged or lost frames and to prevent duplication of frames. This is achieved through a trailer added at the end of the frame. Flow control - If the rate at which the data are absorbed by the receiver is less than the rate produced in the sender ,the Data link layer imposes a flow ...
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